Marketing Plan of John Lewis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Marketing Plan of John Lewis - Research Paper Example This essay describes marketing scenario as ever changing and with changes come unprecedented challenges, the retailer companies are facing several challenges and the need of the hour is to come up with new marketing plans which are capable of tackling these never seen before challenges. John Lewis is one of the biggest departmental stores in UK; it was founded by John Spedan Lewis. John Lewis had to enter into a partnership to compete against the other biggies like Tesco in the UK. â€Å"The John Lewis Partnership's 76,500 Partners own the leading UK retail businesses - John Lewis and Waitrose. Our founder's vision of a successful business powered by its people and its principles defines our unique company today. The profits and benefits created by our success are shared by all our Partners.† (John Lewis). John Lewis is one of the biggest players in the market only behind Tesco, Wal-Mart and France’s Carrefour. It is the fourth major player should its revenue be conside red, it is in the top five for sure should profitability be considered. John Lewis is a much diversified organization, it is doing quite well. The company operates in televisions, travelling, electrical so on and so forth. It is fair to say that John Lewis has been doing well into its divided segments but the need of the hour is to have a competitive marketing plan in place which would further improve the profits and compete against the likes of Tesco, Wal-Mart and France’s Carrefour.... It is the fourth major player should its revenue be considered, it is in the top five for sure should profitability be considered. John Lewis is a much diversified organization, it is doing quite well. The company operates in televisions, travelling, electrical so on and so forth. It is fair to say that John Lewis has been doing well into its divided segments but the need of the hour is to have a competitive marketing plan in place which would further improve the profits and compete against the likes of Tesco, Wal-Mart and France’s Carrefour. Marketing plan for the organization is as follows: Market Demographics One of the most crucial parts of a marketing plan is situational analysis; important factors like SWOT analysis, organizational strategies, marketing effectiveness, and customers are discussed under situational analysis. It is ideal to apply the FEPOS approach under situational analysis, FEPOS approach will shed light upon functions, environment, productivity, systems, organizations and lastly strategy will be discussed. Functions: Operating in diverse areas that are profitable for the company is very useful, for instance more and more people are opting to buy LCD and LED TVs, John Lewis sells these HD TVs in its store as well as online, this is very helpful and should be continued in the future. Electronic goods are also sold by the company which is again really good. Consumer electronics is in demand these days, the disposable income in the hands of the people has increased and as a result of which they have started buying electronic goods, this is a wonderful opportunity for John Lewis to capitalize upon. Environment: The environment is

Did the case of Horsham kill the case of Boland Essay

Did the case of Horsham kill the case of Boland - Essay Example The essay "Did the case of Horsham kill the case of Boland?" analyzes two cases about proprietary deviation and the connection between them. The case of Boland is concerned with the violation of wife’s unregistered right of possession of her matrimonial home in which her spouse had an equal share but had his name alone shown as the registered proprietor of the property in the land register. The husband had mortgaged the property to Williams & Glyns’s Bank without his wife’s knowledge even though they were living together in the same house. The mortgagee bank also did not care to verify with his wife if she had any interest before lending her husband against the mortgage of the said property. The question was whether the wife had an overriding interest by virtue of section 70 (1) (g) Registration Act 1925.since the appellant had sought to distinguish the â€Å"word actual occupation† as mentioned in the said section from her real status. The House of Lords ruled that actual occupation had only its literal meaning of physical presence and as long as she was physically present in the matrimonial home with all the rights of an occupied. Hence the wife had an overriding interest even though it could be argued that hers was the equitable interest as a minor interest entitled her interest only in the proceeds of a sale. The mortgagee bank failed to verify the factual position at their peril. Thus an equitable mortgagee does not get priority over an equitable interest of which he is deemed to have constructive notice.

Broadview Ltd vs Andrea Leadsom Analysis

Broadview Ltd vs Andrea Leadsom Analysis Broadview Energy Developments Ltd Vs Secretary Of State for Communities and Local Government and Others [2016] EWCA Civ 562 Court of Appeal, Civil Division Presiding Judges: Longmore, Lewison, McCombe LJJ Between: BROADVIEW ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS LIMITED (Claimant Appellant) and 1)THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR COMMUNITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT 2)SOUTH NORTHAMPTONSHIRE DISTRICT COUNCIL 3) HELMDON STUCHBURY GREATWORTH WIND FARM ACTION GROUP (Defendants and Respondents) MATERIAL FACTS Broadview is an independent renewable energy company which sought permission for development of wind farm for renewable energy, South Northampton shire district council refused to allow in November 2011(at 2). Broadviews appeal to planning inspectorate and was successful through public inquiry, granting it permission, in May 2012. (at2). The third defendant, the windfarm Action group (HSGWAG), challenged the decision, thus rendering it quashed by justice Mackie Qc in the High Court; resultantly, the issue was remanded for redetermination to the planning inspectorate awaiting a new recommendation (at3). During second public enquiry parties made representations between 8 to 24th October 2013 and on 11th oct 2013 Mr. Eric Pickles, the secretary of state decided to take the matter to his consideration on grounds that it involved a renewable energy case(at3). Second inspector recommended to grant the permission of farms on 14 Apr 2014 relying upon the balance of outnumbering benefits and minute adversities of the wind farm(at4). Delays were faced in Secretary of States decision; a reason being consultation on court of appeals decision in a different case that could subsequently render a fresh interpretation of section 66(1) of act 1990 (at5). Contrary to planning inspectors recommendation, the planning permission was refused by the decision letter of Secretary of State, dated 22 Dec 2014(at6). Mr. pickles had delegated the task to Mr. Kris Hopkins, the parliamentary undersecretary of state. Mr. Hopkins credits Mr. pickle for the choice of refusal of planning permission as deemed fit acc ording to where the balance of perks and adversities fall, alongside its conflict with development plan, accompanied by shortcoming on statutory requirements and numerous elements of national planning policy(at7). MP Mrs. Andrea Leadsoms badgering and active lobbying in opposition to the wind farms became grounds for Broadviews further appeal on 28th Jan 2015, (at89). She even successfully campaigned for the Secretary of State to call in the application (at 8). As per facts Mrs. Leadsoms tea room conversation with Mr. Hopkins in 2013 coupled with their numerous oral and written correspondences and the lobby room became basic grounds of appeal on fairness of decision and possible bias. Throughout this time, Broadview kept trying to seek a meeting and later on made a freedom of information request to get to know the status of correspondences (ibid) (at10). This was state of evidence for Broadviews application to quash Mr. Hopkins decision(ibid). The planning court rejected the claims of Broadview and hence their appeal(at11) Qs / LAW ISSUES 1) duty of fairness owed by political decision-makers in the context of an application for planning permission. 2) how the Secretary of State should deal with representations from the local Member of parliament. DECISION Unanimously, lord justice Longmore(at38), Lewison(at39) and McCombe(at40); the court appraised and upheld the decision of Cranston Justice, the judge in the second planning court. Hence, dismissing Broadviews appeal. DETAILED REASONS FOR THE DECISION The gist of Cranston Js judgement was based on his personal experience, and stood that meeting of the MP with a minister was not of any length and part and parcel of her role, being a representative of a certain area(at17). Wrong to conclude anything biased or sinister (at1718). R (Alconbury) Vs Secretary of State for Environment [2003] affirmed that a MP contacting Minister regarding a planning issue was inevitable (at18). Ministers are bound to abide by Planning Property Guidance (at18). The judgement comprises of three notions: (1) Broadview was aware of advancements by objectors (2) Letter received after close of enquiry lacked fresh material (3) Correspondences raised no new issues therefore it was satisfactory to deem that response would be similar(at1920). The judge concluded that there had been no evidence to support the contention that the decision was vitiated, provided, Broadview had failed to provide evidence to authenticate its stance of bias, unfairness or material brea ch of planning property standards; therefore, Broadviews allegations failed. Lord Justice Longmore comments in the judgement starting by affirming that Mr. Hopkins did not differ from inspector on any question of fact material or take account of new evidence therefore liability to inform inspector did not arise. Moreover, giving a chance for both parties to be heard is obligatory and this liability to inform other party to comment on a representation made is defined in rules laid down in in Errington Vs Minister of Health (1935) and also in the rule enshrined in Latin phrase audi alterampartem(at25). Minister did not entertain any privately made representations. Preventing the proceeding from being subverted by use of rule quoted above, it is a required measure to not call parties for cross-questioning on every representation, especially when they are repetitive. Moreover, a technical breach of para 4 of Guidance is likely but not a breach of rules of natural Justice; case law of Fox Land Vs SSCLG (2014) shedding light on the particular angle of the issue(at2 6). His Lordship states that it is easier to ascertain the written representations, and the content of those written correspondences make it clear that the oral ones where merely the same as they were being referred to in the subsequent letters. His Lordship further contended that he did not concur about Cranston Js belief of talk between MP and Minister to be merely a part and parcel. He argued that MP doesnt hold a different position then of any parties involved(at29). His lordship considers the possibility of Mr. Hopkins abiding by audi alteram partem prinzep and then justifies how the chronology of events render it improper to conclude that Mr. Hopkins would have had any effect of indulging in the tea room conversation and thus a mere technical breach subsequently could not make any difference to ultimate decision(at30). The court will not enquire into likelihood of prejudice in case decision-maker receives are representation in privacy established in R Vs Sussex Justices ex parte M cCarthy (1924). Case law from Kanda Vs Government of the Federation of Malaya (1962) further cemented the stance with the example of police constable not awarded a chance to comment on allegations on him (at31). His lordship furthers his stance by saying that usually in such cases, court readily opts to assess the representations made, although the courts have discretion, but in my view, it should not have been exercised in current scenario(at32). By end of July 2014 Broadview had their freedom of information request granted, however, it was highly unlikely that Broadview would had been successful in invoking court to take matter out of hands of the Parliament entrusted decision-makers: Mr. Hopkins and Mr. Pickles (at33). Lobby Badgering had no effect on the decision as the matter was already decided. Moreover, miss Leadsoms attempt was to merely know the decision rather diverting it in certain direction(at34). Thus, Longmore concluded the events not such to justify quashing of decision (at35). He further clarifies that it was Ministerial responsibility that the respected decision-makers abided by in deciding the finely balanced matter (at36). He also signifies the need of Ministers to avoid Lobbying and concludes that any blatantly ignorant accusations of bias would be clarified under light of Magill Vs Porter(at37). For these reasons, he dismissed the appeal (at38). Lord Justice Lewison said that he agrees with Longmore LJs Judgement and also with additional observations of McCombe LJ, hence agrees for dismissal of appeal. Lord Justice McCombe agrees with Longmore on dismissal of this appeal, however, shows disagreement on certain areas(at40). According to him there was undoubtedly a breach of paragraph 4 of the Guidance by what appears to have occurred in the tea room conversation. If the chronology of events would have been otherwise, the lawfulness of this decision would have been in peril (at41). He also explains the significant breach of ordinary principals of fairness in English Law to support his stance (at42). He continues how one party should not have any advantage in manner not afforded to other interested party (at43). He argued over comment of part and parcel and defined fine lines between talks upon ordinary consistency matters and lobbying. In his final comments, concluding to the dismissal of appeal, he also emboldened the need of Ministers to adhere to ordinary laws of fairness and natural justice. RATIO DECIDENDI With respect to the allegation of bias made by Broadview, a fair-minded and informed observer would conclude that there had been no real possibility of ministerial bias in the present case. Further, there was simply no evidence to support the contention that the decision was vitiated by actual bias. Accordingly, Broadview had failed to establish that the ministerial decision against planning permission for its proposed wind farm had been unlawful through unfairness, bias or material breach of planning propriety standards (para21, Cranston J). I would therefore conclude that while the tea room conversation (and even the lobby badgering) should not have occurred and should have been cut off by Mr Hopkins more firmly than he may have done, those events are not such as to justify quashing the Secretary of States decision. (para 35, Lord Justice Longmore). I have had the advantage of reading in draft the judgments of Longmore and McCombe LJJ. I agree that the appeal should be dismissed for the reasons given by Longmore LJ. I also agree with the additional observations of McCombe LJ (at39 Lord Justice Lewison). On the facts of this case (in particular in the light of the chronology and the factors set out in paragraph 30 of my Lords judgment), however, this breach was not of sufficient moment to call for the quashing of the Secretary of States decision on the grounds of a breach of the principles of natural justice. Had the chronology been otherwise, and if the conversation had been more closely proximate in time to the decision taken, then it seems to me that the lawfulness of the decision might well have been in peril (para 41, McCombe). Representations which are essentially repetitive of submissions already made are rather different. In such case a court will more readily assess whether such repetitions really made a material contribution to the decision under challenge. If it concludes that they did not, the quashing of the ensuing decision should not follow. A court always has discretion as to remedy in public law and should, in my view, not exercise that discretion in the present case. (at Para 32) If a party to an inquiry or an objector seeks to bombard a minister with post-inquiry representations which are merely repetitive of the representations made at the inquiry itself and every time that happened the Minister was obliged to circulate the representatives for comment, the decision-making process could easily be subverted. (Longmore LJ at 26). When a Minister is involved in a quasi-judicial decision it is incumbent on him to make clear to any person who tries to make oral representations to him that he cannot listen to them (Longmore LJ at 28).

Marriage Proposal in Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Pride Prejudice Essa

Marriage Proposal in Pride and Prejudice During "Pride and Prejudice" there are six examples of marriage proposals to consider. Throughout this essay I am going to be commenting on the proposals between Mr Darcy and Lizzie the first time, Mr Collins and Lizzie, Mr Collins and Charlotte as well as Mr Bingley and Jane, Wickham and Lydia and the second proposal of Mr Darcy to Lizzie. Whilst looking at these proposals I will also be analysing the aspects of Love, Money, the relative status and class and the views of others, which might have influence within these proposals. The first proposal I am going to analyse is Mr Darcy to Lizzie. Mr Darcy proposed to Lizzie in Kent at Mr Collins and Charlotte's house when Lizzie was visiting them for a few weeks and Mr Darcy was staying with Lady Catherine De Bourgh, his aunt. Mr Darcy and Lizzie were first acquainted with one another at Netherfield's, which is the neighbouring estate to Longbourne, Lizzie's family house. They met at a ball, which was held by the new lodger Mr Bingley at Netherfield's, and Mr Darcy was there as a friend of Mr Bingley's who hosting the ball for his new arrival to the village. Lizzie and Darcy didn't get on at first as Lizzie thought he was arrogant and unsociable. But Mr Darcy's dislike for Lizzie gradually grew to love for her. It seems that the continuation of this dislike was all a cover for his real feelings as he did not want to love or marry a woman who was beneath him in every state, money and status and especially the views of others would of discouraged him to act upon his feelings for Lizzie as he was thought of as much more superior to Lizzie and her family and at that time it was thought of as wrong or unheard of to mar... ...an to get married over that age. There were also many issues that a woman had to think about before they got married, whether they were in love which wasn't a major issue but it was though of as a bonus if they were. Money and status played a huge role in deciding who to marry, rich men went for women of the same class or a bit higher which made it difficult for woman of a lower class or without much wealth to marry a wealthier or higher classed man. It was thought of as unethical to marry someone beneath you in any state. The influence of others played a big role in those days as people were put under a lot of pressure to get married as soon as possible and to someone higher up the society ladder. As you can see the attitudes to marriage in the 19th Century in which these characters lived in is very different to the attitudes in which we live in today.

Queen Nefertari Essay

Queen Nefertari was the wife of Ramses II- the longest ruling pharaoh who reigned in the 19th Dynasty (1295-1255 B. C. ) which was from the 13th to 14th century and he continued to rule on on for seventy years. She married Ramses at the age of thirteen. Nefertari was also one of his many and favorite wives. She produced as many as ten children for Ramses among them two sons named Amonhirwonmef, Prehirwonmef, and two daughters named Merytamon and Mertatum. Her birth parents remain a mystery but it is determined that she is of royal heritage. Nefertari had a brother by the name of Amenmose who was the mayor of Thebes during her rule as queen. She was of high importance and because most portraits or pictures painted by ancient Egyptians are with Ramses II, this may mean she might’ve had a major political influence on Egypt. Queen Nefertari was not the only queen present during the rule of Ramses II, he had a household filled with many queens. His children were estimated at one hundred or more. Nefertari’s disappearance still is considered as a mystery although her tomb has been found and remains a precious treasure to Egypt. It is located in The Valley of the Queens. Ramses referred to Queen Nefertari as the â€Å"most beautiful one† which is one of her many names she is known by. Nefertari Mery-en-Mut name meant â€Å"most beautiful beloved of the goddess Mut. † Her full range of titles were â€Å"Great of praise†, â€Å"Sweet of love†, â€Å"Great royal wife†, â€Å"Lady of charm†, â€Å"Great royal wife, his beloved†, â€Å"Lady of the two lands†, â€Å"Lady of all lands†, â€Å"Wife of strong bull†, â€Å"God’s wife†, â€Å"Lady of upper and lower Egypt. Ramses also referred to his wife as â€Å"The one for whom the sun shines. † Nefertari married Ramses at the tender age of thirteen. Although very young she held the responsibility of being queen very well, going even as far as accompanying Ramses on one or two of his battles. It is said that Nefertari is of royal heritage, but her birth parents remain a mystery. Some Egyptologists think that she was probably the daughter of King Seti I, and thus sister or half sister of Ramses II himself. Other Egyptologists, however, think that her designation as â€Å"Hereditary Princess† might be in some way connected with her being representative of Thebais. The tomb of Queen Nefertari was discovered in 1904 and forbidden to take pictures of. More than 50 tombs mention her name. Nefertari out lived her husband by a number of years which her mummy indicates sh died around 70 years of age. She passed away sometime during Ramses 25 reigned year. After her death Isetnofret became his new principal wife. Queen Nefertari became royal at the age of thirteen and since then she has always been known for that and her beauty.

The Impact of genetic fingerprinting and gene profiling in Forensic Science

Gene profiling and genetic fingerprinting was unheard of in Forensic Science 20 years ago. DNA testing was initially introduced in the 1980s and the first court case, which saw a man put behind bars due to the forensic evidence was in 1985. Following the success of the use of physical proof, numerous cases around the world from paternity tests to identification of American soldiers from the Vietnam War have been solved. A person's DNA (de-oxyribonucleic acid) can be found from a single strand of hair, skin under a murder victim's nails or bodily fluids such as sweat, saliva, semen and blood. The chances of a sample of DNA being the same as another person, other than monozygotic twins is 1 in 24 million. This is why recent cases such as that of Sarah Payne rely so much on DNA samples found at the crime scene. In this case a single strand of Sarah's hair was found on Roy Whitting's sweatshirt and matching fibres from his sweatshirt were found on her shoe, although there was slight controversy as to whether the evidence was contaminated. The method for extracting the DNA from a sample is a complex one. The technique was first developed in this country in 1985, the year of the first proven case. Firstly the DNA must be extracted from the sample of body tissue or fluid. This could be a very small amount in a criminal investigation where the offender could've taken every precaution to avoid being caught. A process called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) then multiplies the sample and produces millions of identical strands of DNA. PCR is completed by a â€Å"repetitious, cyclic programme of heating and cooling the substance together with a heat resistant DNA polymerase and two specific DNA primers. The polymerase and primers reproduce a small region of a genome, the whole of the DNA of the organism.† – quoted from DNA in Forensic Science by J. Robertson, A.M. Ross and L.A. Burgoyne. Forensic scientists use PCR to produce plenty of DNA to carry out all the necessary experiments to obtain a conclusive result. The DNA is then broken up, using enzymes, into standard fragments. The enzymes used cut the DNA at precise sequences of A C G and T in the DNA. A few fragments are then chosen and separated by size on a gel. The gel is then exposed to radioactive samples of the DNA. This produces different sized bands and the bands that have the same sequence of DNA are prominent. Generally the DNA evidence found at the scene is tested and the suspect may have a blood test or a saliva sample from the inside of the cheek, which will also be tested. The two samples will be tested and compared several times. If the two samples have 5 bands or more that match the result is considered as decisive. In 1992, after many years of arguments for and against the gene profiling, the National Research Agency accepted the method as a reliable one to help identify criminal suspects and shortly after the procedure entered the mainstream court system. Genetic fingerprinting is now so common it's difficult to avoid in everyday society. The accuracy of gene profiling is very good. The chance of two people sharing one band of DNA is approximately 1 in 30. This may not seem like there is much chance of identifying a person, as there is a fairly high possibility of it being a number of people. However, the National Research Agency has a policy stating that at least 5 bands have to match for the test to be considered as positive. This means that the probability goes from 1 in 30 to 1 in 30 x 30 x 30 x 30 x 30, which is equal to 1 in 24 million providing the two samples aren't from blood relatives. This is why genetic fingerprinting is considered as firm proof in a court of justice. Overall, the chance of getting a DNA test wrong is slim, providing the tests are carried out properly. However, just because someone's DNA is found at a crime scene doesn't prove that the suspect is guilty. There are many other areas of law that need to be investigated before a verdict can be decided. Some offences that are committed rely almost solely on forensic evidence such as that of rape. If semen is discovered and recognized as that of the suspect then that is nearly a conclusive result. The suspect may claim that the other party consented to sexual intercourse, but would find it difficult to deny that intercourse took place. Nevertheless, forensic evidence does have its problems. Firstly the tests have to be carried out in fully sterile conditions to ensure that the DNA isn't distorted in any way. It is crucial that the sample before PCR takes place is not contaminated as PCR will produce several thousands of exact clones and all the forthcoming tests could be inaccurate. Also, over time mutation of a sample takes place, gradually decreasing the likelihood of identifying a suspect perfectly. There have been experiments carried out to test how quickly mutation takes place. Scientists have found that, with blood and semen stains kept at room temperature for more than four years, it was almost impossible to identify any reliable DNA information due to mutation. In some cases, such as rape, the evidence can disappear within a matter of hours. When testing for semen in a rape case, the DNA should be found within 20 hours of the crime. Following the first 20 hours, the probability of obtaining an accurate identification decreases hour by hour. Conclusion With the slim chance of 2 people's DNA making a full match, gene profiling is a definite way of proving whether a person was at a crime scene or not. Whether they actually committed the crime is a different matter. Providing all tests are carried out well and the DNA is extracted properly and without contamination then the results should be extremely accurate. On the whole, gene profiling has taken forensic science that stage further and it has developed to being a crucial part in identifying criminals all over the world. There remain ethical difficulties which have yet to be resolved, for example, the establishment of a DNA database, human rights and civil liberties, the use of DNA information in unrelated legal cases, etc, but these issues will be addressed in due course.

10 Principles of Writing for the Web

10 Principles of Writing for the Web 10 Principles of Writing for the Web 10 Principles of Writing for the Web By Mark Nichol Writing for online reading is basically the same as writing for print publications. â€Å"Writing for the Web† is more about the presentation than the content itself, but it does require a shift in thinking and some mechanical changes to prose. Here are some tips: 1. Introductory Text Site visitors rarely read introductory paragraphs on their first visit. Why? Most people arrive at a site via a search engine, so they often bypass the home page. Others, of course, follow a link to a home page, or click on a Home link inside the site to see what else it has to offer, so an introduction isn’t useless, but make it short and sweet, answering the what and the why in as few words as possible. The same goes for introductory text on interior pages. 2. Points of Entry Most people scan, rather than read, Web pages, at least initially. Many, of course, read entire articles and essays, but home pages and other top-level pages should catch visitors’ attention with scannable text like linked or unlinked keywords, practical (not clever) display copy (otherwise known as headings, subheads, and the like), and bullet lists. 3. Pare Paragraphs Brief paragraphs that contain just one idea are ideal for online readers. (See?) 4. Key Facts First Employ the inverted-pyramid model of writing, based on journalistic style, in which the most important information is featured first, followed by decreasingly significant information. One advantage of this strategy is the same one that made it integral in newspaperese: If content is too long, it’s easier just to cut from the bottom rather than try to delete passages throughout. (You can always repurpose the deleted content for another article, or, like many online newspapers, have visitors click to a new page to finish reading.) 5. Link In and Out Provide links to related material on your Web site and on others. Don’t be concerned that visitors won’t come back to your site once they leave; if you routinely send them to good material, and you have good material waiting when they return, they’ll return. 6. Say It Straight Chant your new mantra: SWYM, MWYS. (Say what you mean, mean what you say.) Objectivity equals authority; avoid marketese, promotional excess, hyperbole whatever you want to call it. If people trust you to be evenhanded in your writing style, they will trust you. Also, be literal, not figurative: If, in a heading for a sports story, you use metaphorical language like curse instead of something more concrete like â€Å"losing streak,† you lose the opportunity for search optimization. 7. 1st Words Count Many site visitors scan in a rough F pattern, keeping their eyes on your page’s left-hand margin as they dart slightly along each line before dropping to the beginning of the next. Make the first dozen or so characters in your display type count. Avoid bland and coined terms, and start with keywords. 8. Be Passive Don’t go out of your way to avoid passive sentence construction, at least in initial sentences. Why? â€Å"Mark Nichol recommends that online writers embrace the passive voice so that key information appears up-front in sentences† breaks the rule recommended in the previous paragraph. Who cares about Mark Nichol? Start with the point of the sentence: â€Å"Passive voice is recommended by Mark Nichol to help online writers place key information up-front in sentences.† Of course, you can also place important words at the head of an active sentence: â€Å"Passive voice is useful for placing key information up-front in online writing.† (And leave me out of it.) Note, of course, that not every first sentence in a paragraph or even a section needs to be headed by keywords, but don’t pass up an opportunity to do so. 9. Write Well The best way to attract visitors to your site is to provide them with high-quality content. It may not get them there, but it will keep them coming back. 10. Break Rules Disregard any and all of these rules as you see fit, but know them and apply them often. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs Enquire"Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"?Especially vs. Specially

Illustrate the concepts of pluralism and corporatism Essays

Illustrate the concepts of pluralism and corporatism Essays Illustrate the concepts of pluralism and corporatism Essay Illustrate the concepts of pluralism and corporatism Essay An Illustration the constructs of pluralism’ and corporatism’ by using them to two suitably selected West European States The constructs of pluralism and corporatism occupy two of the opposite terminals of the Western European democratic spectrum. While one seeks to increase the range of parliamentary democracy in the post?industrial age, the other strives to cut down the capacity for enhanced engagement in democracies by bowing to the caprice of the economic market instead than the will of the bulk of the people. Surely, the statement about which manner of democracy ( corporatism or pluralism ) is the correct’ method for partitioning political power in the 20 first century, is non dead. Though corporatism can non deny its links with the European experiment of fascism during the 1920’s and the 1930’s ( in peculiar the economic fascism’ as practised by Mussolini’s Italy ) and though pluralism has likewise organic theoretical ties to socialism, both remain in grounds in European Union provinces today, although no longer in the totalitarian signifier that characterised th eir embodiments during the first half of the 20th century. For the intent of comparing, two states have been selected for analysis as illustrations of pluralism and corporatism. These states are the United Kingdom and Austria and – needfully – the text herein will be split into two to compare the states while besides dovetailing at times in order to underline the similarities between the democracies of Britain and Austria. First, nevertheless, a definition of the constructs of pluralism and corporatism must be ascertained so as to set up a fixed conceptual model. Pluralism Pluralism is a wide, far making term that can be interpreted in a assortment of different ways and that besides goes under a figure of assumed names. Rationality’ , representative government’ , majority rule’ , republicanism’ , populism’ and the will of the people’ ( as termed by Rousseau and the libertarian doctrine of the Gallic Revolution ) have all been used to depict the ideological drift behind pluralism and all of these by and large left-of-center constructs are interconnected. What is certain is that pluralism is an ideological agencies to a political terminal that would procure the most democratised vision of authorities possible, encouraging diverseness in multicultural Western populations via the encouragement of unfastened argument on any figure of societal, political, cultural and economic jussive moods. There are bounds to pluralism. It is of import, for case, to observe the cardinal difference between consentaneous regulation a nd political consensus ( which characterises pluralist idea ) . Consensus represents a looser restraint than unanimity, more unfastened to conventions about developing a sense of the meeting’ and leting more room to burden differentially parts to debate that differ in quality. [ 1 ] Corporatism Corporatism is the diametral antonym of pluralism in so far as it envisages political policy as the merchandise of the argument of the few’ instead than the many’ with the minority in this case represented by large concern, industrial capital and economic trusts. Corporatism is linked to the right wing of political sentiment in western idea, which is per se distrustful of the liberty of political power as promulgated by pluralism mentioning the ill-famed tyranny of the majority’ as a counterweight to claims that corporatism is simply a facade for totalitarian visions of neo?fascism. Therefore, the main split between pluralist and corporatist political orientations is located within their differing reading of the impression of the province. The corporate province is a state-with-a-purpose. It has moved beyond its traditional functions of maintaining the peace, keeping the currency, diplomatic negotiations and defense mechanism. In add-on, it offers management solutions’ to the electorate, which requires more and more money and power to transport them out. [ 2 ] The United Kingdom: A Pluralist State As the oldest lasting experiment with parliamentary democracy in Western Europe, Britain is the best illustration of a pluralist province in action. Pluralism in the UK is chiefly meted out in the tremendous power wielded by interest’ or pressure’ groups a cardinal symptom of pluralism in pattern. This has by and large proved to be a fruitful historical matrimony between representative organic structures and the policy?making cabal of the authorities with the famously secular composing of the UK ( integrating an increasing rhythm of devolved and decentralized authorities ) cited as a aglow illustration of the victory of pluralist political relations. Westminster has a deep?rooted tradition of paying attentiveness to coerce groups with non?governmental administrations ( NGO’s ) stand foring any figure of people on a assortment of socio?political issues from anti?smoking conferences toFathers for Justice. Yet while it is true that involvement groups permit non?politicised constitutions to take part more to the full in the parliamentary democracy, there is besides turning concern that they stifle every bit much as trigger societal alteration by subjecting the necessary development of post?modern society to unneeded cheques and balances. The United Kingdom is frequently cited as an utmost illustration of the power of groups in forestalling necessary alteration in society. [ 3 ] Furthermore, the application of force per unit area groups in the mainstream political domain does nil to extinguish the influence of large concern, the pulse of corporatism. Rather ; empirically, it would look to be true that concern groups exceed other types numerically. [ 4 ] The recent debut of 20 four hr imbibing high spots the on-going primacy of the corporate anteroom in inciting domestic policy in Britain. Oesterreichs: A Case Study in Corporatism. Austria has a long association with corporatism in domestic political personal businesss. Detractors attempt to worsen the nexus between the Austrian experiences of National Socialism with the go oning trust upon corporate sentiment in explicating policy. However, the trust upon corporatism is every bit much a residue of its geopolitical state of affairs ( close to the boundary line of the former Communist iron curtain’ that split Europe in two ) as it is due to a national disposition to autocratic political relations. Corporatism has been manifested in Austria by the laterality of concern over representative organic structures such as trade brotherhoods for the supposed greater corporate good of the state. In this manner, corporatism was translated into the corporate province that sought to protect Austria’s natural material interests [ 5 ] against both of the neighbouring East and West axis. However, the restrictions of corporatism in Austria have been greatly accentuated in the past 20 old ages as a radically changing societal and demographic composing of the state has fostered an increasing dependance upon parliament and the pluralism of party political relations. The private and public cabals have in fact moved closer to a brotherhood than an uneasy armistice or confederation as was frequently the instance in the 1970’s and 1980’s. Furthermore, the historical merger of corporate concern, labor and authorities has paved the manner for the modern-day Austrian theoretical account of the political third way’ – a via media between capitalist economy and the organic structure politic that seeks to heighten the chance for political engagement for all. This is the same ideal of the third way’ of political relations as championed by New Labour. Thus, in the terminal, corporatism in Austria has been forced to bow to the primacy of pluralism in post?industrial political theory. Decision Sophisticated modern-day democracies can non boom via attachment to merely one paradigm of democratic political sentiment. For illustration, the gradual eroding of province boundaries has lessened the influence of corporatism in Austria while the worlds of the planetary economic market render pluralism in the UK as much a slave to large concern as any other portion of the public political domain. This convergence of theory in Western European states has proved to be the accelerator behind the mention to the terminal of history and the last man [ 6 ] ( Francis Fukuyama ) whereby domestic party political relations is reduced to little more than a autotype of the dominant democratic ethos of neo?liberalism and the grim rise of planetary free market capitalist economy. Mentions Birch, A.H. ( 2001 )Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy: Second EditionLondon: Routledge Buchanan, J.M. and Congleton, R.D. ( 1998 )Politicss by Principle, non by InterestCambridge: Cambridge University Press Crepaz, M.M.L. ( October 1994 )From Semi?sovereignty to Sovereignty: The Decline of Corporatism and Rise of Parliament in Austria, in,Journal of Comparative Politics, Volume 27, Number 1 Fukuyama, F. ( 1993 )The End of History and the Last ManLondon and New York: Penguin Jordan, A.G. and Richardson, J.J. ( 1987 )Government and Pressure Groups in BritainOxford: Clarendon Katzenstein, P.J. ( 1987 )Corporatism and Change: Austria, Switzerland and the Politicss of IndustryNew York: Cornell University Press Loughlin, J. ( 2004 )Subnational Democracy in the European Union: Challenges and OpportunitiesOxford: Oxford University Press Mosley, I. ( 2003 )Democracy, Fascism and the New World OrderLondon: Imprint Academic Richardson, H.S. ( 2002 )Democratic Autonomy: Public Reasoning About the Ends of PolicyOxford: Oxford University Press Wootton, G. ( 1970 )Interest GroupsEnglewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall

Archimedes theory of a circle ABCD and a triangle K

Archimedes theory of a circle ABCD and a triangle K Archimedes compared the area enclosed by a circle to a right triangle whose base has the length of the circle’s circumference and whose height equals the circle’s radius. If the area of the circle is not equal to that of the triangle, then it must be either greater or less. He then eliminates each of these by contradiction, leaving equality as the only possibility. Archimedes’ proof consists of constructing a circle ABCD and a triangle K. Archimedes starts by inscribing a square in the circle and bisects the segments of arc AB, BC, CD, DE subtended by the sides of the square. Afterwards he proceeds to inscribe another polygon on the bisected points. He repeats this process until the difference in area between the circle and the inscribed polygon is smaller than the difference between the area of the circle and the area of the triangle. The polygon is then greater than the triangle K. Archimedes then proceeds to explain that a line from the center of the polygon to the bisection of one of its sides is shorter than the radius of the circle, and its circumference is smaller than the circumference of the circle. This disproves the statement that the polygon is greater than the triangle, since the legs of the triangle are made up of the radius and circumference of the circle. The triangle K cannot be both smaller and larger than the polygon, and thus cannot be smaller than the circle. After Archimedes proved that that the triangle cannot be smaller than the circle, he continues to prove that the triangle cannot be larger than the circle, either. This is accomplished by first assuming the triangle K to be larger than the circle ABCD. Then, a square is circumscribed around the circle so that lines drawn from the center of the circle will go through the points A, B, C, and D and bisect the corners of the square, one of which Archimedes labels T. Archimedes then connects the sides of the square with a tangent line and labels the points at which the line meets the square G and F. He goes on to say that because TG GA GH, the triangle formed by FTG is larger than half the area of the difference in area between the square and the circle. Archimedes uses the fact that continual bisecting of the arc of a circle will produce a polygon with this characteristic to assert that continuing this method will ultimately produce a polygon around the circle such that the difference in area between the polygon and the circle is less than the difference in area between the triangle K and the circle. The polygon is thus less in area than the triangle K The length of a line from the center of the circle to a side of the polygon is equal to the radius of the circle. However, the perimeter of the polygon is larger in length than the circumference of the circle, and since the circumference of the circle is equal to the length of the longer leg of the triangle, the polygon must be larger in area than the triangle K. Again, the triangle cannot be both larger and smaller than the polygon, so the triangle cannot be larger than the circle. Archimedes accomplished to prove his theory by using contradiction. After he proved that the triangle with legs equal to the radius and circumference of a given circle is not greater or less in area than that circle he concludes that the two must be equal in area.

Women in top management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Women in top management - Essay Example The essay will apply the use of secondary research, which means that it will solely rely on secondary data in order to meet the set objective. In order to attain the objective stipulated above, this study will begin with a literature review that aims at discussing the feminist theory, women’s position in the society, and the positive contribution women can make towards an organisation if their level of participation is increased. In the third sub-section, the essay presents case examples that demonstrate how increasing women’s participation in top management teams can be beneficial for organisations. In the conclusion, the essay will provide a recommendation to the managers in regards to the benefits of increasing women’s participation. Theoretical background This section will discuss the theory related to discussion of how increasing women’s participation in top management team can be beneficial for organisations.... ory, since the study is related to increasing women’s participation in the top management teams of organisations and the likely impact this can have on the performance of the organisation. Women’s position in the society The position of women in the society has been an issue of debate more so in the 21st century where numerous efforts have been made to redefine this position as well as the role of women in the society. According to McKee (2006), these efforts have been aimed at giving women a more vibrant role and a significant position in the society rather than the ones confined by the earlier traditions or cultural beliefs and attitudes. For example, in the biblical times, writings indicate that women were confined to lower ranks than men in the society were, and they were expected to be submissive to demands and wishes of men. The Biblical writings even hint to the fact that that women owe their origin to the male gender (the story of God using Adam’s rib to create Eve). From the earlier cultural beliefs that are not only exhibited in the Christian faith but also in the Islamic faith as well as other cultures, women were naturally excluded from certain roles and positions within the society mainly because of gender bias. Brush et al. (2010) argued that in the modern world and more in particular the years before, the new millennium, gender segregation was mostly exhibited in the working environment and in the political environment whereby the participation of women was limited to minor roles. However, Brush et al. (2010) noted that in the 21st century there have been tremendous improvements in women trying to gain equal status as men in the work environment and in the political arena. For example, the present Chief Executive Officer of Yahoo, Inc is a woman

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Literature review - Essay Example Geologic, fossil and ecological records have provided the evidence for the variable nature of the climate whose occurrence in the past has caused the evolution of various eco systems of the earth (Emmanuel, W.R, Stughart, H.H, Stevenson, M, 1985, p.29-43). The change caused in the precipitation rate which is one of the resultant effects of the climate change is expected to affect the interaction between the checker spot butterfly larvae and its host plant. This reason when coupled with the disturbance of the habitat of the butterfly would aggregate the problem when it is observed in relation with the dispersal ability of the species. The study was taken with the hypothesis that extinctions of two populations of the checkerspot butterfly, Euphydryas editha bayensis, were caused by a combination of habitat loss and regional climate change in the form of increasing variability in precipitation (McLaughlin et.al, 2002). Euphydryas editha bayensis is a beautiful and charismatic butterfly species which is a resident species of Western North America. (Dyke, F.V, 2008,p.128). Taylor, K. E. and Penner, J. E. (1994, pp. 734 – 737) has described the major cause of climate change as man made carbon and other Green House Gas emissions in addition to the natural changes in climate. Several detrimental effects like Sea-level rise, Hurricanes, Diseases, Famines, Desertification and Species loss has been pointed out as the impacts of climate change.(Morris, Julian 1997,p.5-17). Though this study had only general indications towards the impact of climate change on species loss, this indication has been reiterated by a number of literatures which state that climate change would affect the population of animal and plant species. Christina Figueres & Maria Ivanova (2002,p.205) has argued that climate change would affect the major components of our biosphere including air, the ocean, the range of animal and plant species and the climate system itself. A study by J. B. Hughes,

Internship Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internship Report - Assignment Example It facilitated me to gain valuable insights about me, my community and various aspects related with the community in the most positive and effective way: Communication and Team work: The exposure to the real situation familiarized me in enhancing my communication capability and it also facilitated in increasing my competencies of working within the team as a team member. Problem Solving: The community internship enabled me to understand all the community associated needs and facilitated me to transform community actions by working together based on the knowledge, strengths and capabilities of the individual involved in the voluntary service. In relation to my learning and growth through the involvement in the community internship, the learning material consisting of lectures have facilitated in answering many of the questions such as why I was engaged in the community internship and what degree of insights and knowledge are required by me to effectively perform the requisite tasks of internship. It also facilitated me to make valuable judgment regarding my personal and professional capabilities. Before the inception of this course, I was apprehensive but every staff in Red Cross supported me and made me feel at ease and facilitated me to easily acquaint with it. The module 3 and module 4 significantly aided me rigorous understanding of the community and its various aspects. I also created a poster which reveals the mission statement of Red Cross service as well as the poster depicts the purposes of the activities that they are engaged in. The poster depicts the pictures that familiarize with stressful life of disabled people as well. My engagement in the community internship delivered me valuable insights about the changing community environment. While dealing with the changing community environment, it required me to be flexible enough to consider

Noise source Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Noise source - Essay Example A very common workplace hazard is noise pollution experienced. For example, noise of an in-house generator in the maintenance building affecting the officers working in a nearby building of a business complex. As per energy conservation policy the complex is run on generator for a specific time period every day from 12 noon to 3 p.m. Work timing of the nearby offices are 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. five days a week and lunch break is from 1 a.m. to 2 p.m. Employer has provided ear plugs or muffs (PPE) as a common control measure to each employees when discomfort was voiced, however the problem remained with employees getting disturbed and anxious also showing poor performance and low productivity especially during the generator on-timings. Even customers calling in or visiting the office during the time complained and showed discomfort to the noise being generated along with the smell of burnt fuel prevalent in the air. Company should not completely rely on PPE and let the discomfort affect the productivity and results of the company. They should make their Health Safety & Environmental Policy more effective by adopting a number of control measures than can improve the working conditions since the exposure is a daily recurring scenario. An engineering treatment for the problem can be either at the source or at the noise transmission path or at the receiver. Generator being a noisy component is already placed in a separate building; however the noise reaches outside and is unavoidable. The generator cannot be enclosed in a sound absorbent enclosure since it requires proper ventilation and cooling systems. However the office building and other surrounding building can be made sound proof by fitting sound absorbent materials such as flexible or fixed screens / windows or curtains of sound absorbent material that can prevent or lower the level of noise from outside entering the building. This would also require the building to have

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - Research Paper Example Worried that she might have an allergic attack, she cleans the house every couple of hours, never seemed to be satisfied that she did it right two hours ago. This action continues throughout the day, leaving little or no room for her other activities that are equally essential (Mayo Clinic Staff). Typically, obsessive compulsive disorder makes a person go through repeated actions that mainly originates from having distressing thoughts. These thoughts make the individual do or perform a certain action that is done over and over again in order to pacify the stress and anxiety that he or she is feeling (NIH: National Institute of Mental Health). The obsessions which come about constantly are often unreasonable, quite disturbing and in fact have no actual basis. The individual who suffers from obsessive compulsive disorder eventually realizes that the obsessive feeling and thoughts he or she is currently having distorts reality; and they feel incapable to control them because they go thr ough the same motions again and again (Mental Health America). Trying to stop or ignore the obsessions only heightens the feelings of apprehension and distress; while doing rituals or compulsions give short-term relief from the stress and discomfort brought about by having obsessions. Unfortunately, having obsessive compulsive disorder upsets a person’s daily living schedules and activities because the obsessions and subsequent compulsions makes it hard to concentrate in doing the normal activities which the person was accustomed to. The rituals or repetitive actions takes hours to do, sometimes the whole day making it quite impossible for the individual with obsessive compulsive disorder little time to do something more productive. If obsessive compulsive disorder is not properly addressed overtime, it can have a negative impact on all the aspects of a person’s life (The Anxiety Disorders Association of America (ADAA)). The theoretical causes of obsessive compulsive d isorder are biology, environment and inadequate seratonin. These causes are considered to be hypothetical since the true or actual cause of obsessive compulsive disorder is not fully known (Mayo Clinic Staff). Biology pertains to the study of plants and animals, which includes the normal chemistry and role of the brain in relation to the other parts of the body. It is contemplated by researchers that obsessive compulsive disorder is an end result of an irregular change in the normal working condition of the brain circuits, which may be due to an inadequate level of serotonin, a chemical messenger within the brain (Mayo Clinic Staff). The insufficient amount of such brain chemical affects the normal communication of brain parts that ultimately gives rise to the occurrence of obsessive compulsive disorder (Mental Health America). The environment is also said to contribute in the occurrence of obsessive compulsive disorder because of some behavior-related habits, which were acquired du ring the growing and developmental phase of a particular individual (Mayo Clinic Staff). The habits are generally inculcated from childhood to early teens where various factors that stem out of one’s surroundings are easily assimilated and are considered normal even if they are not within the norm or are socially unacceptable. Obsessive compulsiv

Internship Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internship Report - Assignment Example It facilitated me to gain valuable insights about me, my community and various aspects related with the community in the most positive and effective way: Communication and Team work: The exposure to the real situation familiarized me in enhancing my communication capability and it also facilitated in increasing my competencies of working within the team as a team member. Problem Solving: The community internship enabled me to understand all the community associated needs and facilitated me to transform community actions by working together based on the knowledge, strengths and capabilities of the individual involved in the voluntary service. In relation to my learning and growth through the involvement in the community internship, the learning material consisting of lectures have facilitated in answering many of the questions such as why I was engaged in the community internship and what degree of insights and knowledge are required by me to effectively perform the requisite tasks of internship. It also facilitated me to make valuable judgment regarding my personal and professional capabilities. Before the inception of this course, I was apprehensive but every staff in Red Cross supported me and made me feel at ease and facilitated me to easily acquaint with it. The module 3 and module 4 significantly aided me rigorous understanding of the community and its various aspects. I also created a poster which reveals the mission statement of Red Cross service as well as the poster depicts the purposes of the activities that they are engaged in. The poster depicts the pictures that familiarize with stressful life of disabled people as well. My engagement in the community internship delivered me valuable insights about the changing community environment. While dealing with the changing community environment, it required me to be flexible enough to consider

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - Research Paper Example Worried that she might have an allergic attack, she cleans the house every couple of hours, never seemed to be satisfied that she did it right two hours ago. This action continues throughout the day, leaving little or no room for her other activities that are equally essential (Mayo Clinic Staff). Typically, obsessive compulsive disorder makes a person go through repeated actions that mainly originates from having distressing thoughts. These thoughts make the individual do or perform a certain action that is done over and over again in order to pacify the stress and anxiety that he or she is feeling (NIH: National Institute of Mental Health). The obsessions which come about constantly are often unreasonable, quite disturbing and in fact have no actual basis. The individual who suffers from obsessive compulsive disorder eventually realizes that the obsessive feeling and thoughts he or she is currently having distorts reality; and they feel incapable to control them because they go thr ough the same motions again and again (Mental Health America). Trying to stop or ignore the obsessions only heightens the feelings of apprehension and distress; while doing rituals or compulsions give short-term relief from the stress and discomfort brought about by having obsessions. Unfortunately, having obsessive compulsive disorder upsets a person’s daily living schedules and activities because the obsessions and subsequent compulsions makes it hard to concentrate in doing the normal activities which the person was accustomed to. The rituals or repetitive actions takes hours to do, sometimes the whole day making it quite impossible for the individual with obsessive compulsive disorder little time to do something more productive. If obsessive compulsive disorder is not properly addressed overtime, it can have a negative impact on all the aspects of a person’s life (The Anxiety Disorders Association of America (ADAA)). The theoretical causes of obsessive compulsive d isorder are biology, environment and inadequate seratonin. These causes are considered to be hypothetical since the true or actual cause of obsessive compulsive disorder is not fully known (Mayo Clinic Staff). Biology pertains to the study of plants and animals, which includes the normal chemistry and role of the brain in relation to the other parts of the body. It is contemplated by researchers that obsessive compulsive disorder is an end result of an irregular change in the normal working condition of the brain circuits, which may be due to an inadequate level of serotonin, a chemical messenger within the brain (Mayo Clinic Staff). The insufficient amount of such brain chemical affects the normal communication of brain parts that ultimately gives rise to the occurrence of obsessive compulsive disorder (Mental Health America). The environment is also said to contribute in the occurrence of obsessive compulsive disorder because of some behavior-related habits, which were acquired du ring the growing and developmental phase of a particular individual (Mayo Clinic Staff). The habits are generally inculcated from childhood to early teens where various factors that stem out of one’s surroundings are easily assimilated and are considered normal even if they are not within the norm or are socially unacceptable. Obsessive compulsiv

Critique Paper Writing Tips Essay Example for Free

Critique Paper Writing Tips Essay It is imperative to understand what a critique paper really is. When your teacher asks you to write a critique, they are asking you to analyze and evaluate, and not just summarize. A critique is rather an essay or article that criticizes literary or other work e.g. a movie. Make sure you are completely familiar with the book/movie/piece of art before critiquing it. A critique answers the few questions of how? why? and how well? A critique does not mean criticizing the work in a negative sense but rather interpreting it as you see it. It usually combines both positive and negative. †¢ The first step to take is to analyze the piece of work. Discuss the author’s main point of view and his purpose. See who is he performing for i.e. who is his audience. What arguments does the author use to support his main point and what evidence does he cite. Check for any underlying biases or assumptions in the work that the author produces. †¢ Next, you need to evaluate the author’s ideas.You need to see whether the argument he provides is logical, and the facts provided accurate. There might be jargon present in a book, so the author should have defined it and explained it or even in other works, important terms should be defined. You should check the authenticity of facts and sources cited and whether there is a sufficient amount of it. †¢ Lastly, you need to plan and write your critique. You should do this in standard essay form. In the first paragraph, you need to introduce the topic, state the thesis, make a plot summary, and give your readers a clue of what they are to expect. An introduction also includes the background of the piece of work that you are going to critique. For a book, write the name of the author and a bit of information about them that pertains to the argument. A movie introduction includes the director, the basic theme, and the names of the main actors. An art critique would include basic information on the painter and the work that you are going to examine, as well as basic features of this certain work such as its title, the art materials that have been used, and its location. In the second part of the critique i.e. the main body, start into the story. In this part, you will have to introduce the characters, setting, and give a lot of detail. Bring out the author’s important points and evaluate whether the evidence provided by the author supports his point of view. Break the thesis and different parts of the story into separate points and examine each point separately. A  very important thing that will strengthen all your arguments is giving real examples from the piece of work you are using. Conclude the critique paper with really critiquing the piece of work i.e. the good and bad, and how it made you feel. Answer any questions you raised along the way and make the final statement about the piece of work.

Hewlett Packard: Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM)

Hewlett Packard: Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) Consider an organization you are familiar with and with reference to associated theory and practice critically asses the approach that is taken to strategic HRM. Evaluate the extent to which the approach has contributed to the organizational effectiveness. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (ABSTRACT) The report focuses on critically evaluating how Hewlett Packard has been using the variables of Human resource management such as training and development, performance management in order to bring all the employees from a diverse cultural background, with different personality traits to work efficiently and effectively towards achievement of the organisational objectives HP, a giant in IT industry catering to the hardware as well as software needs of the individual customers and businesses, was started in the year 1939 by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard and currently employs over 300,000 people The report delineates how HP has been supporting equal opportunities for people from different ethnic backgrounds by recruiting people without any bias towards any particular ethnic group. The report also states the role of performance management within HP i.e. activities which ensure that the organizational goals are met on time and with minimizing resource usage. The report even talks about the resource facilities and working environment provided to the employees, i.e. employee relations at HP. Further the role of training and development in polishing the skills of the individual employees and making them become a part of the HP team is stated along with how the employees are trained to inculcate the necessary skills required for the job. TERMS OF REFERENCE/ STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The following assignment is compiled so as to become familiar with the main theories in the field of strategic human resource management. During preparation it intended to gain knowledge of the evolving role of strategic human resource management in the current world scenario, performance appraisal and its function in performance management system, administration and formulation of compensation and benefit programs, significance of development of human resource (development and training) at every level for employees and opportunity for management provided by employee diversity. The study undertaken requires expertise in research of the subject but due to limitations of the words for the assignment covering all the HR policies is next to impossible; my objectives were to study the key processes and policies for which the company provides vital information. INTRODUCTION Storey (1989) defined HRM as Set of interrelated policies with an ideological and philosophical underpinning. Storey (1995) defines HRM as a distinctive approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the strategic deployment of a highly committed and capable workforce, using an array of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. HP was started in 1939 by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard. In 2010, fortune 500 ranking hp was placed at number 10. Its headquarters are located in Palo Alto California. HP has 304,000 employees. The company makes use of participative decision making management system in their company giving them an edge in the industry (HP website). The results of this investment can be seen in the two awards received by HP from the American society for Training and Development for inventiveness of its leadership development programs. Furthermore, Hay group recognized HP as one of the best company in the world for leadership development. (reference) To emerge as a complete technology company which offers an inclusive set of solutions all through the value chain, HP is practicing an inorganic strategy (Data monitor 2010). They cater to almost everyone ranging from individual customers, medium sized business and large corporations which include health, education and government sector. The company deals in a wide range of products, from portable devices to supercomputers, from computing to home printing. It has also sought a level of inorganic growth too, through its merger with Compaq in 2002 with an aim of providing excellent IT solutions. Consequently, HP today caters to over a billion customers in 170 countries (Data monitor 2010). CORE POLICIES AT HP DIVERSITY AT HP Smart organizations identify the need for swift action and are prepared and eager to disperse resources for management of diversity in the workplace. Workforce diversity can be defined as the differences between individuals in a company. Diversity includes gender, race age, education, background etc Diversity takes into account how individuals perceive others and how they perceive themselves. Their interactions are affected by these perceptions. Organizations diversity agenda is expected to increase in the future as we are moving into a more and more globalized setup. (reference) In The Future of Diversity and the Work Ahead of Us, Harris Sussman says, Diversity is about our relatedness, our connectedness, our interactions, where the lines cross. Diversity is many things a bridge between organizational life and the reality of peoples lives, building corporate capability, the framework for interrelationships between people, a learning exchange, a strategic lens on the world. The benefits of diversity include greater competitiveness through higher adaptability, poising it for success. Organizations embracing diversity are able to offer a wider variety of solutions to different issues. Services to customers are easily provided by organizations employing a diverse collection of experience and skills (e.g. culture, language etc), offering the wealth of varying points of view. A large number of experiences and ideas can be accumulated by employing a diverse workforce which comfortably communicates viewpoints. The organization can use these to form strategies and cater to customers effectively. Some of the challenges of workforce diversity are the organizations ability to successfully implement diversity agenda, which requires openness, transparent communication and sensitization of the existing staff. (reference) A diversity of age, culture, potential, ethnicity amongst the labor force encourages innovation and creativeness. It is believed at HP diversity is the solution to understand the principles and demographics of the consumers and is fundamental in drawing and holding on to the finest employees. (reference) HP supports diversity in the following ways: Hiring of different collection of people and crafting them as leaders. Constructing a comprehensive work atmosphere. Supporting employees in navigation of their work and private commitments while complying with the business requirements of HP. Policies A comprehensive work atmosphere is encouraged by HP diversity policies. Respect, courtesy and dignity is required by every employee while treating others. Discrimination founded on attributes such as age, race, ethnicity, sex or disability is not accepted under any circumstances. Employees are persuaded to speak up and it is possible for them all over the world to report harassment or bias through the 24 hour anonymous helpline. HP approach Efforts by HP include expansion of its labour force by hiring best in class varied talent and implanting diversity in all major diversity in all major development processes and supporting main growth programs for career development and professional escalation. Gender diversity is calculated and kept in check by HP globally and ethnic diversity in its united nations labour force. For details over the previous 5 years see table: Executive diversity Minorities comprised 17.3% in contrast with 12.9 % in 2008. In the year 2009 17% of HPs topmost executives in U.S. were women in contrast to 17.2% in 2008. HPs activities in the year 2009 were: Partnership with diversity associations: HP supplied grant and products for cause of cause of underrepresentation of minorities in business positions which is addressed by management leadership for tomorrow. Drawing a extensive range of human resource: 3000 women from extensive range of professions and businesses are brought together by the annual conference that is held in Boston. Employee resource groups: workers with familiar interests and backgrounds are brought together by HPs ERGs. Opportunities for internal development: celebrations of womens international day in India. For talented omen, a series of virtual leadership was conducted in EMEA. PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS There is nothing new about the idea that company and employee performance should be improved by appraisals. Today managers are way more serious about the process- of training workers, rewarding and appraising them and forming goals. The whole incorporated process is called PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT. Performance management may be defined as a process that unites goal setting, performance appraisal and development into a single, common system whose aim is to ensure that the employees performance is supporting the companys strategic aims (dessler and varkkey 2010). Setting of standards, training of workers, feedback and appraisals related to performance and contribution to achievement of organizational goals is explicitly measured by performance management. Performance management therefore never just means meeting with a subordinate once or twice a year to review his/her performance it means setting goals that make sense in terms of the companys strategic aims. It means regular interaction to make sure there is continous growth in workers performance. It also takes into account and makes sure that the worker has the correct training to perform the job (hrm book pg 338). (reference) According to Goel 2008 manpower management is the most crucial job because managing people is the heart and essence of being a manager. Personnel management is concerned with any activity relating to the human element or relations in the organisation. Work life programs offered by HP Employees at HP have the benefit of various work life choices offered to them. HP offers: Flex time: altering the commencement and end of work, but working normal 8 hour a day. Part time: temporarily or continuously working for less hours, part time employees account about 2%. The requirements of aging workforce are met with the help of this program. Tele work: 28% of employee t HP work full time from home. Flex work: mainly working in hp offices but occasionally from home. Whilst improving employee productivity the cost of HPs real estate has been reduced with the help of these arrangements. Employee engagement Open, honest exchange of ideas and continuous communication is what HPs culture is based upon. This helps HPs workers understand their contribution to companys overall success and also gives the company chance to consider their input for various decisions. Recognition programs At HP employees are kept motivated and engaged by recognizing them for their contribution. Recognition @HP was conducted in 2009 to identify workers at HP for their qualities. Day to day non monetary recognition is stressed by the program. Retiree engagement HP has about 79000 retirees who are ambassadors of HP and the company keeps them connected and up to date. Retirees at HP connect through various social media. The retirees can also join HP alumni association which has worldwide members registered which account 17000 in numbers. The Employment Relationship A prerequisite for success in the organization is the maintenance of good employee relations. For high productivity and satisfaction, strong employee relations are needed. Employee relations are concerned with evading and resolving problems amongst individuals which occur due to the work situation. Safe and healthy work environment, incentives for motivation, useful communication and commitment of employees determines good employee relations. It is believed by many people that employee relations are about considering the larger picture and assisting the organization to take required action. (reference) HP considers its employees vital to its success. Innovation of products, management of supply chain and the connection with the customers and partners at HP is driven by the talent expertise and skills of the employees. According to HP its competitive advantage lies in retaining and hiring the finest people. For employees to grow, HP attempts to create a helpful and inspiring work environment. HPs policies are applicable globally and show companys commitment to just treatment of workers. (reference) HP complies with local laws but companys own policies demand much more: Best work environment: policy describes the principles of personal conduct that are expected by the workers to add to an optimistic, dynamic work experience. Open door policy: Portrays HPs promise to open communication and a place of work where everyone is heard. Human rights and labour policy: commends HP to just treatment of all workers. Management and compliance Upholding environmental health and safety is a key goal of HPs. Safety of products and services is the main aim and it is also made sure that the workers can perform without injury at the premises. HPs minimum obligation for EHS is legal compliance. The processes needed to abide by are made sure by HPs EHS management system. Any allegation is thoroughly investigated and proper action is taken to avoid any recurrence. All operations related to manufacturing at HP are certified to ISO 14001. EHS systems are introduced to recently acquired companies to make sure that EHS objectives carry on to be fulfilled as the company grows. (reference) Employee feedback The employees are asked for feedback by voice of the workforce conducted annually and also though pulse surveys on explicit issues. There were various surveys conducted during 2009 including: Onboard and monthly transition experience surveys. Enterprise business quarterly pulse survey. Hr manager communication survey EDS integration survey Voice of the workforce survey Around 90,000 workers in 2009 participated in voice of the workers survey. Privacy of the respondents is strictly protected and the survey was available over the internet in 25 languages. (reference) TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT at HP Training The process through which people acquire abilities to accomplish organizational objectives is known as training. It includes planned activities for specific learning to develop workers performance at work. (reference) Development According to Drucker (1977), the one contribution a manager is uniquely expected to make is to give others vision and ability to perform. A basic operation in the work of the manager is to develop people and to direct, motivate and train subordinates. Stern argues that staff training and development have become matters of vital strategic importance. Importance of training and development (reference) There are various reasons for an organization to conduct training and development programs. Some of them are: Helps to avoid managerial obsolescence Manage change due to acquisitions and mergers. Also helps in coping up with technological and diversity changes in the organization Higher employee morale and increase in job satisfaction. Elevated motivation among employees Financial gain through higher efficiency in process and innovation in products and strategies is increased. Developing leadership at HP Since HP recognizes excellence as a key driver of its business success, HP significantly invests in leadership development. Dedicated to this mission, global talent consists of 3 firmly integrated organizations. (reference) Employee relations at HP The evaluation of data and insights to spot high potential leaders in the company and underlining of areas where additional learning resources may be needed are provided by the dedicated talent management team at HP. Designing of HPs major corporate wide leadership is crafted by executive and leadership organization. Learning by doing is emphasized by almost all of HPs leadership development programs. E.g.: Projects providing major business impact are frequently powered by HP. Learning experiences offered by these projects are not like the classroom experience. HPs leadership programs are offered training and development support by more than 500 executives in a classic year. To get used to dynamic business conditions the curriculum of leadership is frequently revised. Leadership programs at HP are divided into 3 categories: Choosing those at a particular level or creating career transitions through foundational programs is emphasized. Leadership standards of HP and definition of expectations by HP leaders is carried out by skill based programs at HP. For employees with elevated potential for development there ate select talent development programs. With leadership development central portal, HP offers leadership knowledge. This is offered by podcasts, internet courses and quick tips. Green advocates training program Participation in this program is encouraged by HP in Canada. This program provides knowledge and allows workers to develop into ambassadors of HPs environment projects. (reference) Eco solutions advocate program Through this program HP teaches its workers about environmental issues and companys dedication to sustainability of the environment. It also offers workers the resources they require to communicate with consumers about HPs solutions. (reference) People Development HPs approach is based on interior and exterior benchmarking, HP uses an incorporated development framework for its employees. The structure employs range of tools to help workers plan the next step in their career. HPs developmental plans are divided in a 70/20/10 breakup. 70% of the plans are of the main concern. They include job rotations, special reports and cross functional team experiences. With hands on experience the workers are encouraged to develop their capabilities. Focus of about 20% of the programs is relationship based education. This is done through coaching and mentoring. Rest of the 10% of HPs programs are provided through formal learning, interactive online resources etc. (reference) HPs learning programs take the benefit of technology. About 83% of HPs training lessons are conveyed through video conference or the web. Wherever there is a geographic focus of members HP uses face to face training. It has been acknowledged by hp that technology- based training provides major benefits: wider reach and saving huge amounts of money on travel whilst reducing related greenhouse gas release. It also allows employee access at the correct times and place, and also improves knowledge and retention. Training at HP is complimented as employees are also encouraged in following external educational prospects. (reference) Summary The human element of business and partners with every business is driven by human resource at HP to make sure that employee planning strategy is associated to convey the business objectives. The leadership team at HP works together with groups of business to make sure the company has the correct people, with accurate skills, in the correct job etc. The company is escalating its ability to develop by explaining strategic employee plans, support of acquisitions and mergers, providing cost efficient infrastructure in growing markets. To stay in front of the competitive pressure, HP optimizes every element of its operating strategy- to increase revenue, be efficient, making smart investments. Even though the recent financial downturn of 2008 has had sever impacts in the IT industry, HPs earnings per share has risen continuously from 2008 till 2010 Good business results are indicative of great human resource which has driven performance On account of increasing globalisation, HP considers diversity as a major driver of innovation, invention and creativity. A diverse workforce differentiates the company and it is also vital for the company to relate and serve customers worldwide. At HP it is believed that people are motivated to do their best with a culture that respects differences. The company crafts an attitude in its employees, allowing them to think intentionally about diversity and its insertion in the companys activities. It does so by knitting diversity into the fabric of the company. As a MNC, HP has had to prioritize this so that they are more efficient across different markets, understand local needs. As far as performance management is concerned HP has a goal directed approach and has formulated a process to evaluate the manpower resource and their enhancement in terms of careers and work life balance is commendable. HP has a relationship oriented view to managing performance rather than a hierarchical top down approach. This approach has proved to be very concrete in terms of setting targets/achieving outcomes. The most striking feature of HP is its emphasis on leadership development. It is held as a company that has some of the best leaders in the business which is only because they invest time, effort and resources into making this possible. As the company becomes more global, it is important that they keep this emphasis. To broaden its reach to its employees all over the world, it provides training through video based sessions, which also ends up having a positive cost saving and reducing environmental impact by eliminating the need to travel (hence reducing greenhouse gases). Therefore it seems that training and development at HP pays attention upon interrelation of the companys goals and objectives with that of workers. HP maintains employee relations wherever it has its operations without showing any disparity or bias with respect to ethnicity or cultural background in true terms it is a global company. The company monitors compliance with its policies principally through employee engagement surveys. This enquires questions on prejudice and diversity. It also assesses employees understanding of companys approach to these issues. HP does not tolerate discrimination. It deals with this issue through stout polices that are accessible to all employees. HP has worked towards ensuring excellent work-life balance through various options provided to its employees. These programs have helped in improving employee productivity and therefore higher efficiency towards achieving organisational goals With regard to workplace safety since HP is an IT company therefore is requirement to work in potentially dangerous settings (assembling products, hardware etc), hence HP has been committed to fostering the best health and safety norms and always keeping themselves up to date with changes in health safety standards. Since the employees are assured of their safety the employees productivity to work has gone up leading to higher and more efficient production. RECOMMENDATIONS At HP the same performance appraisal standard is used overseas which they use in their headquarters. The external aspects that may affect performance in the international scenario were not considered while designing the performance appraisal criteria and has hence led to a number of problems. Therefore HP needs to formulate a new standard for evaluation according to the situation. To prepare workers to work on an international platform HP can provide linguistic training. This training requires not only learning of the language of the country in perspective, but it also requires learning of how customers think and react. Inclusion of higher level of responsibilities by expanding the job and access to important meetings should be facilitated to improve employee relations. Furthermore HP can assign employees to lead teams and projects and increase time spending between the employee and the boss. Focusing on service training can help workers expand knowledge of managing customers. Disagreement and conflicts can be prevented through transparent appraisals systems. Educating employees and improved training for rating Performance in the subsidiaries of the company is affected at times due to insufficient training and education of various related factors like interaction, culture, business and social information. By alerting managers about errors in judgment, it can be made possible to spot them before hand and prevent them. Clear cut performance in dimensions will help in reducing errors related to rating. Confusion and uncertainty circling the process can be avoided if the companys purpose for appraisals is clearly stated. CONCLUSION HP is committed to developing a high performance culture where the employees can grow. To enhance its value proposition for its employees, HP has been formulating plans to support development of people with a lot of firmness and discipline. Talent management was driven deeper into the company and creation of strategic employee planning was done by a total redesign of companys leadership programs. HP has effectively and efficiently: Excelled in transformation of business and planning of workforce. Motivated people and developed leadership. Maximized employee engagement and built a high performance culture. Promoted areas such as development of career, performance management, development of management of leadership. In both theory and practice HP has some of the best human resource management policies. The company has won awards for its diverse and innovative human resource systems. It is assessed that even though HP followed some of the best human resource policies, the recession had a major impact on the organizations employees. Dissatisfaction was caused among the employees due to the layoff and caused fear among employees for the loss of their job. It is therefore implicit that even some of the best human resource policies may not turn out to be satisfactory. It is hence implied that even though the organization includes some of the finest human resource practices the psychological aspect of humans are still erratic to rejection and acceptance hence making human resource practices should be made subjective to change. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/empreltns/general/emprelsovr.htm http://www.managementstudyguide.com/employee-relations.htm http://www.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/B39AFC72-25BD-4C10-B1BA-3564CAC3BBB3/0/whatemprels1105.pdf http://www.diversityworking.com/employerZone/diversityManagement/?id=9 http://www.zeromillion.com/econ/workplace-diversity.html http://www.blurtit.com/q804656.html http://managementhelp.org/trng_dev/basics/reasons.htm http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/employee-development/339712-1.html

The Rake Figure in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay -- Charlotte Bro

The Rake Figure in Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre    Edward Rochester, the male protagonist of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre embodies a number of different roles of masculinity. One of the least recognized but very influential roles played by Rochester is the rake. The idea of the "rake" is commonly related to the Restoration period in England; yet this figure does not completely disappear during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Historical figures such as John Wilmot the second Earl of Rochester are described as leading rakish lifestyles. Literature and Art also played an important role in defining the rake. The rake character is primarily defined by his sexual nature. A rake was concerned about his status among other men. He spent most of his time in search of sexual liaisons or relating tales of past sexual escapades. Harold Weber in The Restoration Rake-Hero explains that "most rakes possess little identity outside of the love game, their lives responding largely to the rhythms of courtship and seduction, pursuit and conquest, foreplay and release" (Weber 3). However, as Weber further points out "the rake is too complex and enigmatic a figure to be reduced to a sexual machine: his love of disguise, need for freedom, and fondness for play all establish the complexity of the rakish personality" (Weber 3). The rake’s sexual desires can be seen as a call for freedom and a break from social order. He balks at the idea of marriage and family in pursuit of personal gratification. While a common characteristic of the rake is his pursuit of personal gratification there are a number of d ifferent types of rakes: the Hobbesian libertine, best explained by Horner in The Country Wife; the philosophical libertine, seen through th... ...rake was so strong that he continues to influence the perception of masculinity well in the twentieth century. Charlotte Bronte was attracted to rake model of masculinity and modeled Edward Rochester after this Restoration figure.       Works Cited Cohan, Steven M. "Clarissa and the Individuation of Character." ELH 43 (1976): 163-183. Johnson, Samuel. The Life of Cowley. The Penn State Archive of Samuel Johnson’s Lives of the Poets. Ed. Kathleen Nulton Kemmerer. 3 March 2003. Norman, Charles. Rake Rochester. New York: Crown, 1954. Weber, Harold. The Restoration Rake-Hero: Transformations in Sexual Understanding in Seventeeth-Century England. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1986. "William Hogarth and Eighteenth-Century Print Culture." Northwestern University. 10 March 2003. "William Hogarth: A Rake’s Progress." Haley & Steele. 10 March 2003.

Immigration - Why I want to Live in Britain :: Papers

To immigrate from ones origin has become very popular in the last ten, twenty years. Immigration also is not a very easy thing to do; you have to have a lot of courage and the will to pursue it. If you are going to immigrate, I think that there is three important steps if you are going to immigrate namely: Why, How and Dealing with it. There are many reasons why people immigrate to another origin. A lot of people want to move closer to their relatives and a lot of parents who have children in other countries would immigrate because they do not want to grow old alone. The most of the worlds young population immigrate to countries like Britain to study at their outstanding universities like Oxford which is renowned all over the world. If you have completed your studies in a countyr like Britain, you will have an international degree which means that you can work any where in the world without having to do an exam again. I think that because you get an international degree it makes immigration even more popular under students. Middle aged people would mostly immigrate to develop their careers, for job experience and to find a place where they could practice their religion freely, without any violence or war. To move legitimately to another country is definitely not an easy thing to do as, the country to which you are moving to first has to approve of you coming to stay in their country. Countries want to protect job opportunities for their own people. Britain for example does not want to share their public funds with people who cannot contribute to the countries wealth. Britain also has a problem with asylum seekers because the country has to give them free medical etc. That is why to qualify for a work permit, you have to have very special qualifications. I think the most important thing if you immigrate is how you are going to deal with it.

An International Investment Portfolio Accounting Essay

International investing seems to pull many investors resulted from the many benefits of the published international investing portfolio by houses all over the universe. Fund investors can play a portion in the economic growing of the other states, able to reexamine their rate of hazard, recognizing variegation effects and taking advantage of different market sections on a planetary graduated table. Globalization reflects the world-wide growing of marketing single states. These advantages may look alluring but the hazards involved for international investing must non be overlooked. In an international investing position, fiscal investings are non merely subjected to currency and political hazard. However, there are many organisations drawbacks and troubles, one of which is related to revenue enhancement issues. These failings of an organisation normally benefited those investors who are able to pull off to get the better of those troubles in a well-organised attack. 1 IntroductionThe international economic activities presently have been increased dramatically due to the investing of concern internationally. International economic systems have become incorporated through a huge web of communicating and trade with the aid of globalisation. Due to globalisation, international flow of fiscal assets have been improved by many progresss in better lower cost of communicating and conveyance, which means that geographical distances are unimportant and therefore national economic systems are closely linked. Investing portfolio normally involves the purchase of bonds, portions, stocks and assets by foreign international investors, all of them with the cardinal aim of accomplishing a fiscal net income. It works in a assortment of different ways toward the end of conserving and bring forthing net incomes. Money could be made from perchance any investing environment even though international fiscal markets are really much composite. International portfolio investing is someway hazardous. The greatest challenge faced about by all investors in doing an investing portfolio work is by cognizing precisely what to make at the right clip. The factors that usually affects are foreign exchange rates, involvement rates and revenue enhancement rates on involvements. Therefore, a well-diversified portfolio is recommended to extenuate hazard. When the investors want to broaden their investing, they will detect the international market and puting in foreign companies. The important ground why internation al portfolio investing might heighten stable returns and cut down hazard is the broader variegation. One of the benefits of broader variegation is risk-return trade-off, which is more profitable while puting internationally. Another possible benefit is the variegation of currency, which means it non merely exposed a foreign company ‘s operation, but besides to this foreign currency. As an investing fund director, the direction includes make up one's minding what assets to buy, how many to buy, and when is the best clip to buy. These determinations must hold some analysis of measurings, which typically involves expected return on the portfolio and the hazard on the return. 2 Evaluation of the listed houses2.1 Brief debut of the 3 list housesDASHANG GROUP ‘A ‘ Code: CN: DDS ( P ) explain SPECIALTY FASH.GP. ( BER ) Code: Calciferol: MVJ ( P ) explain Pacific Internet Code: Joule: PNET ( P ) explain2.2 Asses the VaR exposure of the investings 2.3 Analyzing the economic exposure of each company Figure2.3.1: Figure 2.3.2: Figure 2.3.3: 2.3.1 Arrested development Analysis Arrested development analysis is a widely used statistical tool agencies on concentrating on analysing the relationship between a dependant variable, Y, and independent variable, X, utilizing the simple additive theoretical account Y = a + bX. Regression analysis gives an apprehension on how the dependant variable Y alterations with changing independent variable Ten. The values of X and Y are inputted into Microsoft Excel and by utilizing the arrested development attack, values of a and B are calculated. Excel will so end product a drumhead consisted of a arrested development statistics table and ANOVA. The R2 is a grade of fluctuation, measured in per centum, in the dependant variable that can be accounted for by the independent variables. Multiple R is fundamentally the square root of R2. The standard mistake is an estimated value that is determined by Excel in concurrence with the estimated coefficient. Adjusted R2 is calculated utilizing All calculated values are as shown in table 2.3.1.1. explain observations ( N ) .Arrested development StatisticssDASHANG GROUP ‘A ‘SPECIALTY FASH.GP.Pacific InternetMultiple R0.598157750.6082954860.907217302R20.3577926930.3700233980.823043232Adjusted R20.3565529110.3688165460.822704235Standard Error2300.21234338.18072501118.5093191Observations520524524Table 2.3.1.1:Arrested development Statisticss 2.3.2 ANOVA ( Analysis of Variance ) There are two tabular arraies in ANOVA. 2.3.2.1 ANOVA OUTPUT I The constituents of the ANOVA were tabulated utilizing the undermentioned equations: P represents the figure of coefficients and K represents the entire figure of coefficients which in this instance k=p+1= 2.Regression df = k – 1. Residual df = n – K. Entire df = n – 1. Entire SS = Regression SS + Residual SS. Regression MS = Regression SS/ ( k – 1 ) . Residual MS = Residual SS/ ( n – K ) . F =Regression MS/Residual MS. Significance F = FDIST ( F, k – 1, n – K ) .The consequences are as shown in tabular arraies 2.3.2.1, 2.3.2.2 and 2.3.2.3.Analysis of variancedfUnited states secret serviceMultiple sclerosisFSignificance FArrested development115269395491526939549288.598.99811 & A ; times ; 10-52Residual51827407259955290976N/AN/AEntire5194267665544N/AN/AN/ATable 2.3.2.1:ANOVA end product I – DASHANG GROUP ‘A ‘Analysis of variancedfUnited states secret serviceMultiple sclerosisFSignificance FArrested development1446954.807446954.807306.62.40467 & A ; times ; 10-54Residual522760954.7721457.8N/AN/AEntire5231207909.58N/AN/AN/ATable 2.3.2.2:ANOVA end product I – Forte FASH.GP.Analysis of variancedfUnited states secret serviceMultiple sclerosisFSignificance FArrested development134098162.834098162.82427.91.8982 & A ; times ; 10-198Residual5227331207.4514044N/AN/AEntire52341429370.2N/AN/AN/ATable 2.3.2.3:ANOVA end product I – PACIFIC Internet 2.3.2.2 ANOVA OUTPUT II The following phase is the coefficients. ( Note that the Numberss have been converter to 3 denary topographic points to salvage infinite ) . It gives the coefficient for each parametric quantity, including the intercept. T-stat value is the ratio of the estimated coefficient value divided by the standard mistake value. T-stat value can be compared across all variables in comparing with the criterion error.. The p-value is associated with the variable, and the assurance intervals of the parametric quantity estimates as evaluated by Excel.Analysis of varianceCoefficientsStd. MistakeT statP-valueLower 95 %Upper 95 %Intercept-4642.803833.091-5.5734 & A ; times ; 10-8-6279.455-3006.151X Var 11212.555971.37716.9889 & A ; times ; 10-521072.3321352.78Table 2.3.3.1:ANOVA end product II – DASHANG GROUP ‘A ‘Analysis of varianceCoefficientsStd. MistakeT statP-valueLower 95 %Upper 95 %Intercept424.12819.53521.7116 & A ; times ; 10-75385.751462.505X Var 1-165.3979.446-17.512 & A ; times ; 10-54-183.953-146.84Table 2.3.3.2:ANOVA end product II – Forte FASH.GP.Analysis of varianceCoefficientsStd. MistakeT statP-valueLower 95 %Upper 95 %Intercept-412.87230.206-13.671 & A ; times ; 10-36-472.213-353.532X Var 19.1250.18549.2732 & A ; times ; 10-1988.7619.488Table 2.3.3.3:ANOVA end product II – Pacific Internet 2.3.3 Assurance Time intervals for Slope Coefficients 95 % assurance interval for incline coefficient & A ; szlig ; 2 is from Excel end product ( -1.4823, 2.1552 ) . Excel computes this as b2 Â ± t_.025 ( 3 ) – Se ( b2 )= 0.33647 Â ± TINV ( 0.05, 2 ) – 0.42270= 0.33647 Â ± 4.303 – 0.42270= 0.33647 Â ± 1.8189= ( -1.4823, 2.1552 ) . Other assurance intervals can be obtained.For illustration, to happen 99 % assurance intervals: in the Regression duologue box ( in the Data Analysis Add-in ) , look into the Confidence Level box and set the degree to 99 % . 2.3.4 Test of Statistical Significance The coefficient of HH SIZE has estimated standard mistake of 0.4227, t-statistic of 0.7960 and p-value of 0.5095.It is hence statistically undistinguished at significance degree a = .05 as P & gt ; 0.05. The coefficient of CUBED HH SIZE has estimated standard mistake of 0.0131, t-statistic of 0.1594 and p-value of 0.8880.It is hence statistically undistinguished at significance degree a = .05 as P & gt ; 0.05. There are 5 observations and 3 regressors ( intercept and ten ) so we use t ( 5-3 ) =t ( 2 ) .For illustration, for HH SIZE P = =TDIST ( 0.796,2,2 ) = 0.5095. 2.3.5 Test Hypothesis on a Regression Parameter Here we test whether HH SIZE has coefficient & A ; szlig ; 2 = 1.0. Example: H0: & A ; szlig ; 2 = 1.0 against Ha: & A ; szlig ; 2? 1.0 at significance degree a = .05. ThenT = ( b2 – H0 value of & A ; szlig ; 2 ) / ( standard mistake of b2 ) = ( 0.33647 – 1.0 ) / 0.42270 = -1.569.2.3.5.1 Using the p-value attackp-value = TDIST ( 1.569, 2, 2 ) = 0.257. [ Here n=5 and k=3 so n-k=2 ] .Do non reject the void hypothesis at degree.05 since the p-value is & gt ; 0.05.2.3.5.2 Using the critical value attackWe computed t = -1.569The critical value is t_.025 ( 2 ) = TINV ( 0.05,2 ) = 4.303. [ Here n=5 and k=3 so n-k=2 ] .So make non reject void hypothesis at degree.05 since T = |-1.569| & lt ; 4.303.2.3.6 Overall Test of Significance of the Regression Parameters We test H0: & A ; szlig ; 2 = 0 and & A ; szlig ; 3 = 0 versus Hour angle: at least one of & A ; szlig ; 2 and & A ; szlig ; 3 does non equal nothing. From the ANOVA tabular array the F-test statistic is 4.0635 with p-value of 0.1975. Since the p-value is non less than 0.05 we do non reject the void hypothesis that the arrested development parametric quantities are zero at significance degree 0.05. Conclude that the parametric quantities are jointly statistically undistinguished at significance degree 0.05. Note:Significance F in general = FINV ( F, k-1, n-k ) where K is the figure of regressors including the intercept. Here FINV ( 4.0635,2,2 ) = 0.1975. 2.3.7 Predicted Value of Y Given Regressors See instance where x = 4 in which instance CUBED HH SIZE = x^3 = 4^3 = 64. yhat = b1 + b2 x2 + b3 x3 = 0.88966 + 0.3365-4 + 0.0021-64 = 2.37006 2.3.8 Excel Restrictions Arrested development in Excel has a figure of restrictions:No standardized coefficients. It was really hard to construe unstandardised coefficients. The standardized coefficients could be calculated utilizing the unstandardised coefficient if it is needed.Lack of diagnostic graphs. The standard diagnostic graphs were non available in Excel, such as the secret plan of the remainders, the scatter-plot or remainders against predicted values.Lack of Diagnostic statistics. There were no co-linearity nosologies, which would supply a more apprehension of the informations that was analyzed.Excel standard mistakes and t-statistics and p-values are based on the premise that the mistake is independent with changeless variable. Excel does non supply alternaties, such autocorrelation criterion mistakes and t-statistics and p-values.3 Decision 4 Mentionhypertext transfer protocol: //www.qimacros.com/qiwizard/regression.htmlhypertext transfer protocol: //mallit.fr.umn.edu/fr4218/assigns/excel_reg.htmlhypertext transfer protocol: //www.jeremymiles.co.uk/regressionbook/extras/appendix2/excel/